Psycho-sexual development theory of Freud

Freud's theory of psycho-sexual development claims that as we grow up we pass through five critical phases. Our sex drive, which Freud called the Libido, focuses in a different erogenous zone at each phase.

The phases are called;

       1.     Oral

      2.     Anal

      3.     Phallic

      4.     Latency

      5.     Genital

If our experience during any of these phases was traumatic we might develop fixations later in life such as neurosis, dependencies addictions, or depression.

The Oral Phase (age zero to one):

In the first year of our lives we discover the world through our oral senses. Our main pleasure comes from sucking our mother's breast or a bottle. The conflict that occurs now is the weaning from our primary caregiver.

For examples:

  Ø Max is weaned off his mother's breast without trauma. Max becomes a healthy and independent adult.

  Ø Harry's mother stops feeding him within four months of birth which is too early. Harry suffers from trauma and develops an oral fixation. He tries to compensate for it by chewing gum all the time.

  Ø Jane is often left alone crying when she is hungry. Jane spends her entire life looking for the oral stimulation she was denied as an infant and therefore develops a manipulative and addictive personality.

The Anal Phase (age one to three):

The primary focus of our Libido at this age is the control of the bladder and bowel movements. We have to learn how to use the potty.

Examples:

    ·Max's parents praise his attempts to use the toilet and encourage him to learn at his own pace. Max develops a competent personality and a good and balanced relationship with authority.

        ·        Harry's parents force potty training on him too early and punish him for mistakes. Harry develops an anal retentive personality. He becomes an over-controlling and stingy adult with disgust for his own body and a tendency to obey authority.

       ·        Jane's parents neglect any efforts at potty training entirely. Jane develops an anal expulsive personality. She becomes messy disorganized inconsiderate of other people's feelings and rebellious against authority.

The Phallic Phase (age three to six):

Our Libido now turns to the genitals as we discover the differences between the female and the male gender. The boy's conflict in this phase occurs as a rivalry with their father, also called the 'Oedipus Complex.

Examples:

Harry and Max desire to possess their mother and fantasize about getting rid of their father But they know that their father is stronger and fear being punished for their desire. Freud called this Castration Anxiety.

Jane experiences Penis Envy. She believes that a penis is the key to power and domination and also wants one.

Max's father was very present during that phase. Later, Max resolves this conflict by identifying strongly with him. He learns to take on a male role. As an adult he respects both genders.

Harry, whose father was absent during that phase, fails to develop a strong sense of manhood. He has a mother fixation and is not sure about his sexuality. He also tends to be aggressive towards women and constantly needs to compete with other men.

Jane, like all women, maintains her penis envy for the rest of her life which in her case causes an inferiority complex towards men.

Latent Phase (age seven to thirteen):

In this phase our Libido is suppressed as our sexual energy is being sublimed into developing life skills. Our Superego strengthens and we strongly identify with social values, same-sex heroes, and friends.

Examples:

Max follows many hobbies. Harry loves learning at school, and Jane makes lots of new friends.

There is no real conflict in this phase. All three of them benefit for the rest of their lives from the skills they developed during latency.

The Genital Phase (puberty to death):

Once we reach puberty our libido starts to become active again and we develop an interest in sexual partners.

Max, Jane and Harry face the challenge of balancing the sexual desires of the Id and the needs of the Superego to obey social norms. The development of a strong Ego helps to find a compromise between the two. Max, who has experienced a childhood without much trauma, succeeds in building a strong Ego. He is disciplined at work, has a loving relationship. and a fulfilled sex life.

Harry's Ego is weaker than his superego he obeys norms and authorities and as a result suppresses his desires which leads to the development of perversions.

Jane has a weak Ego and a weak Superego. Her sexual needs are more important than social norms or other people's feelings. She is egoistic and feels no guilt for breaking the law or hurting others.

Unconscious VS Preconscious VS Conscious:

To understand the theory we need to see it in the context of Freud's famous work on the unconscious. By acknowledging that we have a subconscious. He also implied that we store memories of early childhood and other experiences without even realizing it.

These past experiences then unconsciously influence our behavior on a daily basis. Freudclaimed that our mind operates in three spheres which we can imagine as a submarine. The Unconscious level operates the Id. The Preconscious level operates the Superego. The Conscious and Preconscious levels operate our Ego.

Young children are driven by the Id and demand immediate satisfaction. At around age seven we begin to develop a Superego and want to become good moral citizens and please others. The Ego is formed with adolescence to balance the two forces.

He was the founder of Psychoanalysis and an Austrian neurologist. Freud theorized that the Unconscious would remember and store all our experiences later they pop up from time to time through dreams and associative thoughts.

Conclusion:

By revealing traumatic memories and desires through conversation we can free ourselves from our neuroses and live a more healthy and fulfilled life. He recommended we should not struggle to eliminate our complexes but to get into harmony with them. They are legitimately what direct our conduct in the world. 

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